apprenticeship

His films frequently explore the relationship between mentors and students, most notably in 'The 400 Blows' and 'Small Change,' capturing the formative experiences of youth.

His animations consistently center on young protagonists learning crucial life lessons from experienced guides, exemplified in 'Spirited Away,' 'Howl's Moving Castle,' and 'Kiki's Delivery Service.'

His socially conscious films repeatedly examine how working-class characters navigate education and skill-building within oppressive systems, as seen in 'Kes' and 'I, Daniel Blake.'