illegitimacy

His films like 'Ossessione' and 'Rocco and His Brothers' explore illegitimacy as a social stigma that destroys families and individuals within rigid class structures.

His socially conscious dramas such as 'Kes' and 'I, Daniel Blake' depict how illegitimacy and social exclusion trap vulnerable people in cycles of poverty and marginalization.

His films like 'Nobody Knows' and 'Shoplifters' examine illegitimacy and family bonds outside legal structures, questioning what truly constitutes a family.