internal migration

His films document the struggles of working-class people displaced by economic forces and forced migration within Britain, particularly in 'I, Daniel Blake' and 'Kes'.

His works explore rural-to-urban migration and family displacement in contemporary Japan, examining how internal movement fractures relationships in films like 'Nobody Knows'.

Her films, particularly 'The Rider' and 'Nomadland', intimately portray Americans forced into transient lifestyles and internal migration due to economic collapse.