isolation and exile

His films explore spiritual isolation and existential exile through meditative long takes, particularly in works like *Stalker* and *Mirror* where characters are alienated from society and themselves.

He consistently depicted isolation and displacement in Iranian society, using minimalist narratives to show individuals estranged from their communities, as seen in *Close-Up* and *Taste of Cherry*.

His films profoundly examine modern emotional isolation and alienation through formal composition and detached characters unable to connect, exemplified in *L'Avventura* and *Red Desert*.