loss of faith

His films like *The Seventh Seal* and *Winter Light* are philosophical examinations of doubt, spiritual emptiness, and humanity's struggle to maintain faith in an indifferent universe.

Works like *The Gospel According to St. Matthew* and *Salò* probe the corruption of spiritual ideals and the loss of moral certainty through provocative, transgressive cinema.

Films like *First Reformed* and *Taxi Driver* depict protagonists struggling with religious despair, moral collapse, and the disintegration of faith as a source of meaning.