paternity

His films like 'Three Colours: Blue' and 'Dekalog' explore paternity through the lens of moral responsibility, absent fathers, and the complex bonds between parents and children.

Works such as 'Like Father, Like Son' and 'Shoplifters' profoundly examine what makes someone a father through biological versus emotional connections and parental sacrifice.

His social realist films including 'I, Daniel Blake' and 'Kes' investigate paternity through absent or struggling fathers and their impact on children's lives within working-class communities.