post-war guilt

His films like 'The Conformist' and 'Last Tango in Paris' explore complicity, moral corruption, and the psychological aftermath of fascism and war.

His trilogy including 'A Generation,' 'Kanal,' and 'Ashes and Diamonds' directly addresses Polish wartime trauma, collaboration, and existential guilt.

Films like 'Through a Glass Darkly' and 'The Seventh Seal' deeply interrogate spiritual emptiness, moral responsibility, and psychological torment in post-war existence.