sadism

His final film 'Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom' is an extreme exploration of power, humiliation, and systematic cruelty as political allegory.

Films like 'Se7en' and 'Zodiac' meticulously examine the psychology of sadistic killers and their calculated methodical violence.

His provocative works including 'Irréversible' confront viewers with graphic suffering and the spectacle of human cruelty without moral comfort.