self-harm and masochism

His films like 'Antichrist' and 'Dancer in the Dark' unflinchingly explore psychological and physical self-destruction through provocative narratives.

His visceral filmmaking in works like 'Irréversible' and 'Enter the Void' examines trauma, suffering, and self-inflicted pain with intense visual language.

Films such as 'The Wrestler' and 'Black Swan' depict characters engaged in self-destructive behavior and psychological torment in pursuit of perfection.