traffic congestion

His 1967 film 'Weekend' features an iconic traffic jam sequence that becomes a metaphor for the collapse of civilization and consumer society.

His films like 'Taxi' (2015) use the confined space of a car navigating Tehran's congested streets as a microcosm to explore Iranian society.

His works document rapid urbanization and infrastructure chaos in contemporary China, with films like 'Still Life' capturing the gridlocked landscape of transforming cities.