unreliable witnesses

His masterpiece 'Rashomon' defines the theme by presenting the same event through four contradictory eyewitness accounts, each believing their version is truth.

Films like 'Prisoners' and 'Enemy' systematically deceive viewers through unreliable perspectives, questioning what we believe we've seen.

He manipulated audience perception across films like 'Vertigo' and 'Psycho' by withholding information and using subjective camera work to blur reality and delusion.