19th century Europe

His revolutionary films like Battleship Potemkin and October directly dramatize pivotal 19th-century European political upheavals and class struggles.

He created deeply introspective historical dramas set in 19th-century Europe, most notably Vampyr and his austere explorations of faith and human suffering during this era.

His major works including Ashes and Diamonds and A Generation engage extensively with 19th and early 20th-century European history, particularly Polish struggles for independence.