New York underworld

His films like Taxi Driver, Goodfellas, and The Departed are seminal explorations of New York's criminal underworld and moral decay.

He captured the gritty corruption and street-level politics of New York in films like Serpico, Dog Day Afternoon, and Network.

His visceral films like Ms. 45, Bad Lieutenant, and The Funeral unflinchingly depict violence and criminality in New York's darkest corners.