His films explore liminal spaces and displacement, particularly in works like 'Synecdoche, New York' where characters exist in undefined states between nations and realities.

Through films like 'Vagabond' and 'The Gleaners and I,' she documents the lives of socially displaced individuals existing outside conventional societal structures.

His narratives frequently examine characters caught between conflicting loyalties and geopolitical boundaries, exploring what it means to belong nowhere fully, as seen in 'A Separation' and 'Everybody Knows.'