subsistence farming

His neorealist films like 'Bicycle Thieves' and 'Umberto D.' unflinchingly portray the struggle for survival and subsistence in post-war poverty.

His rural-focused films such as 'Pather Panchali' and 'Apur Sansar' deeply explore the lives of impoverished farming families and their daily subsistence challenges.

His films like 'The Assassin' and works depicting rural Taiwan examine the complexities of agrarian life and economic subsistence across generations.